438 – 455  Prisons to the end (old book 284-294)

Vincents text                                                                                Norsk                                   Ny dansk bog


438

My journey through this social jungle had automatically led me into the ultimate closed system, the prison, in which I ran into three underclass robbers who’d attacked me on my arrival in America five years earlier. While society had closed slowly around me, like a vise, these people had opened up to me and had, through my own ghettoization, become a part of myself. I now understood that they’d had no real choice: their freedom was one-dimensional. Their choice then, of whether or not to victimize me, is indicative of the white choice: Should we stop oppressing an unredeemed people in order not to risk ending up in a kind of prison ourselves? Or, locked into a system where “life’s design is already made,” have we lost the freedom to choose?

Even if we allocated billions of dollars to rebuild the slums, to provide better schools and jobs, those imprisoned in the ghetto would see it as just one more case of humiliating crumbs from above. It would only aggravate the self-image of those we disposed of and are half-heartedly trying to reclaim—and they’d bite the hands that feed them. Our great liberal open hand would suffer a quick conservative pullback.
No, we can’t just pay off our racism! Even in the best years of liberal tokenism, 1960-67, $348 billion was spent on war and $27 billion on space exploration but only $2 billion on aid to ghettos. It’s no surprise the underclass burned down the ghettos in contempt!

Such a helping hand from above unintentionally functions just as the American penal system does. Here, 95% of the money is used to dispose of the unwanted and brutalize them, while only 5% is spent on paternalistic “rehabilitation” of the waste product (which took years to produce). Most inmates are so wrecked by the prison system they never adjust to life on the outside and wind up back in prison. Millions of people who need psychiatric treatment as a result of the ghetto’s institutionalized, chronic, and self-perpetuating pathology are instead locked up. Some 25% of prison inmates are mentally retarded because of their impoverished backgrounds and lead poisoning. Almost half of the inmates are black although they make up only 13% of the country. When, in addition, blacks on average receive sentences twice as long as whites for the same offense (as reported by the New York Times), you begin to understand why many blacks see themselves as political prisoners.

It may seem that I present blacks as helpless victims, but how else will we see the executioner in ourselves? While reading this book, your unconscious racism has tried to deny responsibility by insisting that the problem, after all, is probably due to the innate inferiority of blacks. But recall that black West Indian immigrants, who weren’t forced to internalize our racism, are doing just as well as whites in America. So when native blacks, deeply shaped by our racism, have only half the income of whites and make up more than half of all prison inmates, then yes, many of them are helpless victims of our racism. The images of broken and apathetic people in this book are not the images that our oppressed, struggling to maintain a little dignity, like to see of themselves.






442

But oppression always produce more broken humans than pattern breakers, and if we don’t understand those who are too weak to resist, how will we ever realize how destructive our racism is?

These prisoners did resist. What made them choose our ultimate punishment wasn’t actual need or hunger but uncontrollable anger—a vicious cocktail of hatred and self-hatred that made them despise everything. They’re merely the visible symptoms of our oppression; their anger is shared by all black Americans. Their anger constantly defeats them, makes them stumble where others easily succeed. Instead of examining the cause of their rage, we blame them for not succeeding. We don’t understand the ghetto monster we’ve created. Instead, we turn our backs to it, “mass incarcerate” it—one day, perhaps, it will be “concentration camps”—and destroy our own society in the process.

Yet no matter how formidable the oppression seems, there’s always been an active movement to oppose it, from Nat Turner to Black Lives Matter. I couldn’t passively watch all this destruction, so I joined the movement of my generation, the Black Panthers. They’d already used the power of political theater at some courageous events, exercising their Second Amendment rights to carry arms while protesting the endless police killings of blacks. Whites were so scared by blacks with guns that Governor Reagan, with the support of the NRA (believe it or not), tightened gun laws in California. And even though the Panthers were otherwise nonviolent, the FBI started a secret COINTELPRO operation to smash the group, assassinating countless Panthers, some in their sleep like Fred Hampton. I was especially impressed by the Free Breakfast for Children program they set up in many ghettos, and I hitchhiked around to support them. In Baltimore I usually stayed with my Panther friends Henry and Ilane (seen here with their baby under the poster of Huey Newton). I helped them feed the local children and saw these kids, dressed in rags, walk long distances in the morning to get a meal. I felt this was more meaningful than joining the cult around the mercurial leader Huey Newton (top left), whom I’d often met in Oakland, along with other leaders, such as Elaine Brown, who sings “There is a Man” at the end of my show. But when David Dubois became chief editor of the Panther paper, he convinced me that my real role was as a photographer for the paper. I was incredibly proud of working for the son of the great W. E. B. Du Bois, seen here in the BPP headquarters in Oakland along with famous cartoonist Emory Douglass. And so the photos in this book were first published in The Black Panther.

There’s a sad afterword to this story: When I had to review the movie The Butler on Danish TV in 2013, I broke down in tears during the part in which, for the first time, the Black Panthers were portrayed positively—as a natural stage in the black resistance. I realized how I myself had suppressed my Panther involvement, which was part of my original Danish book. When I was starting up my show in Reagan’s America in 1984, I erased all traces of it, afraid I’d be accused of being a terrorist. America and I had changed since I met Reagan in 1972, when I’d brazenly accused him of oppressing blacks. I was right. He was the first candidate using “coded” racism and dog whistling (“jungle”=ghetto, “monkies”=Africans) to win the presidency since the Civil Rights Movement.


444



I joined blacks in countless demonstrations, from Black Panther–sponsored events up to the Black Lives Matter protests, but never saw as many blacks involved as when they arrayed themselves against Reagan’s double-edged racism: He used the color-coded Southern strategy against blacks at home and supported the South African apartheid regime. He even oppressed women when advocating dictator Zia to install Sharia law in Pakistan. I realized that blacks had always tried to appeal to their oppressors’ consciences, but during the Reagan years felt that the oppressors were one big joint conspiracy of whites, Jews, Muslims, and immigrants (even black immigrants, at least in universities) against our crucified victims. Thus I shared the black frustration about demonstrating against people who, like Reagan, were basically good at heart (as his epitaph avers).





446



But let’s not forget that those who can adjust to this gulag system can experience our society, with its barred windows and deserted fear-ridden streets, as the freest in the world. A book like this will be greeted with open arms because the system is so massive in its oppression that all criticism is lost upon it, and it becomes entertainment or religious escape.

Only when the system meets organized resistance does it come down on you hard, as I saw with my best friend in California, Popeye Jackson.

By the time I met Popeye, I’d reached the end of my journey. As a vagabond I loved the freedom to lose myself in the individual person and naively believed I could keep myself free of racism. But now I began to feel that my vagabonding had been a privileged white flight—like so many others. The conceptual framework I’m using here had become a necessary hope as well as a means of survival in a world of oppression, but I now realized that there were other truths and more spiritual ways of perceiving human life. I felt that I was exploiting the suffering with my camera, and, sensing my own growing racism, it was beginning to make me sick. It’s not pleasant to discover you’ve become what you’re struggling against, but racism isn’t a voluntary matter in a racist society, and I knew I was more than just a racist. So rather than feeling ashamed, my racism made me feel part of America, and I had to take responsibility for it by becoming an active antiracist and helping to change the country I’d come to love. The more I loved America, the harder it was just to silently observe its self-destruction. While I’d taken photos, dozens of my friends had gone off to prison—friends who’d protested the system, many without thinking about it—while I’d been thinking and snapping away with my camera without acting.

So I put my camera away and began to work with Popeye. He proved to me that the victim, far from being helpless, is capable of resisting. He was proud of his lower ghetto background and always dressed like a hustler. He was the personification of the underclass, with all its openness, violence, sexism, beautiful culture, generosity—all the things we in Europe consider stereotypically American. Popeye had himself been on a long journey. He was only 10 years old when he first went to jail and spent a total of 19 years in prison. During his long confinement, his political consciousness matured, and he felt that through Marxism he could free himself of the intensified self-hatred imprisonment usually induces. He didn’t want Marxism to be just an individual psychological escape or a purely analytical system, as it is for so many European students, so he began organizing the other inmates into the United Prisoners Union (UPU), later becoming its president. He felt it was possible to escape the ghetto only by collectively changing the entire system. He quickly became a well-known figure and was, for instance, chosen as a mediator between the Hearst family and the Symbionese Liberation Army, the terrorist group who kidnapped Patricia Hearst.

Popeye’s influence on prison inmates increased, and I was told the police had tried to get him back in prison by planting dope in his car (on occasion they’d also threatened him with death). Working together in the UPU, we became more and more closely bound to each other. Noticing the big holes in my shoes, he gave me a pair of boots without a word. Though I’d stopped taking photos, he persuaded me to take these pictures for the prison newspaper. I promised never to tell how I smuggled the camera in, but since Sheriff Hongisto, a closet gay, is now dead, I feel free to reveal it was Hongisto who “jailed” me out of appreciation for my work in the gay movement.

Popeye constantly tried to organize the inmates under inhuman conditions that stifled all private life in a place where the system used almost any means to break people down. Precisely because I myself was totally paralyzed in these surroundings, seeing how Popeye got the other inmates to read political literature, even though it was impossible to imagine how anyone could read amid the ominous noise and ever-present fear, made an indelible impression on me. Many inmates told me that Popeye had had a similar effect on them—he wasn’t a “fake intellectual revolutionary”; he was one of their own.

Although an extremely promising organizer, Popeye was naturally not without severe human failings that disturbed many of the volunteers in our group, particularly the women. They’d learned a lesson from the naive Left of the ’60’s, which had romantically embraced a number of rapists as the “avant-garde of the revolution.” Some of them left our group because of Popeye’s sexism. I clashed intensely with them because I felt their views were just another form of racism—an up-to-date radical way of saying: I don’t like the underclass.

“If you think a man can come out of 300 years of slavery and 19 years of prison as an angel, you are fools. Even Martin Luther King was sexist,” Coretta King says today.” Back then, I said, “If you think a man should be denied a powerful leadership role until he lives up to white liberal norms in every respect, then you’re as dangerous an enemy of affirmative action as the worst Southern racist. If you turn your backs on Popeye now, then it’s not their racism forcing him back into a ghetto, but yours.” Having myself ended up in the sexist trap (page 274), I was a great defender of Popeye. But I was also betraying him at the same time: Just as whites don’t put enough pressure on each other’s racism, I and the other men in the group didn’t try to change Popeye’s sexism, if only to allow him to be a more successful organizer.


 

 

 

 

 

 


449

Outside the prison an effective campaign was started to get Popeye released, and at long last he was freed. We threw a big “back in the world” party for him. Popeye had often warned me about FBI infiltrators posing as members of the UPU. Having always trusted everybody I met in my vagabonding, I took his warnings as normal ghetto paranoia. I had difficulty imagining anybody I knew being secret police, so I was knocked completely out when I experienced the terror the system used against Popeye’s union: One of my friends—indeed, the one in whom I had the most faith—was an FBI informant.

Her name was Sara Jane Moore. She was a bit older than the others, and we thought she was a nice, sympathetic, though slightly confused, housewife from the suburbs. It shocked us when she confessed to the newspapers that she was a spy for the FBI but now had pangs of conscience—during our work she’d been converted to Popeye’s views.

Two months later she almost changed world history when she attempted to shoot President Ford in Union Square. She experienced such terrible torment over what she’d brought about with her FBI work that she wanted to take revenge on the FBI by assassinating the head of the system, as she said.

Billy, a neighbor in the building where I lived with transvestites, knocked the gun out of Sara Jane’s hand and saved the president’s life. This got him invited to the White House. But Billy was dating the leader of the gay movement, Harvey Milk’s lover, Joe, and the White House rescinded the invitation when Milk made him openly confess he was gay. (After 32 years in prison, Sara Jane was released in 2007, and I was contacted by film and TV companies that wanted to use my pictures of her).

What had happened between these two episodes that could throw her so off balance? Saturday night, a couple of days after our party, Popeye was supposed to come over to select the prison pictures for our paper. He called up, however, and said he didn’t have time; he had a meeting to go to. I said I’d come to the meeting later and drive home with him. Only two hours before I was set to leave, I got a phone call from Annie, crying in fear and begging me not to go home with Popeye. If I hadn’t received that call, I wouldn’t have been watching the news the next evening:

“This is the Sunday edition of the eleven o’clock Eyewitness News. The San Francisco Police continue their investigation into the execution-style slaying of prison reformer Popeye Jackson, who was head of the United Prisoners Union. Jackson was sitting in a car with Sally Voye, a school teacher from Vallejo, when the shooting took place at 2:45 Sunday morning. Police say they died immediately.

- Now, like many of you, I love dogs. I am concerned about them. That’s why I feed my dogs Alpo. Because meat is a dog’s natural food. That’s what they love most. And Alpo’s meat dinner has beef products that are really good for them. Not a speck of cereal. Not a better dog food in the world.

(Police): Reports indicate that the killer first fired a shot that smashed a window of the car. The first bullet hit Miss Voye and then Jackson. The gunman was not there to rob the people. Wallets were intact.

This sounds like an execution-style slaying …

- You could call it that. We’re working on that as a possible theory. We have to rule out robbery.

- Police say a number of people went to their windows when they heard the shots. Police will begin questioning them tomorrow to find the killer.

- Here’s how it starts. You see someone take that first mouth-watering bite and you’ve just got to get a taste for yourself. In this world there’s only one fried chicken that always tastes so finger lickin’ good, and you’ve got to say “HEY! It’s a Kentucky Fried Chicken day!”



450

Although it was my best friend I saw lying in a pool of blood on TV only a few hours after I myself had planned to drive home with him on that disastrous night, I was unable to cry the first four days—it all seemed so unreal to me, presented, as it was, in this strange American mix of dogfood and fried-chicken commercials. The system, with the media at its disposal, can get away with just about anything since it’s capable of making us forget in the next instant what we saw in the previous one.

What had happened didn’t dawn on me until the funeral, and I broke down totally in tears. I’d also come to realize that Sally, who’d worked with prisoners and ghetto kids though she lived in the safety of a suburb, who’d even tried to work on Popeye’s sexism, and whom I’d liked, this fantastic woman had also been murdered—simply because she would’ve been a witness to the assassination. My destiny would’ve been no different had I been with them that night.

Here’s Sally with Popeye a few days before their murder. The assassin has never been established. But since Sara Jane Moore, sentenced to life in prison, gave Playboy a harrowing account of her undercover work for the FBI, including how the FBI threatened her life when they realized she was being won over by Popeye’s ideas, few of us have any doubts. Popeye had often warned me of ex-convicts who might’ve struck early-release deals with the police. He himself was never afraid of dying in spite of the fact that, as the San Francisco Chronicle later revealed, police had threatened to kill him. In his last article, which he wrote while I was with him in prison, he said: “We ought not to fear death. We are the convicted class and only through revolution can we win our freedom and the freedom of all oppressed people in the world.”

At the funeral, where I was the only photographer invited by his family, many of his union workers and prison friends—Indians, blacks, Chicanos and whites—kissed him farewell. Many others wouldn’t be able to get “back in the world” and see his tomb until a generation later. His mother, who’d brought him cake in prison every single week for 19 years, suffered a total breakdown in front of the coffin.


452

There is a man

who stands in all our way.

And his greedy hands

reach out across the world.

But if we slay this man

we will have peace in this land

and this glorious struggle

will be done.

And what we want is just to have

what we need

and to live in peace with dignity.

But these few old men,

no they won’t break or bend

so it’s only through their death

that we’ll be free.

And if we dare to fight

for what, for what we want

sparing none

who are standing in our way:

The fight is hard

and long

but we can’t, we can’t go wrong,

for our liberation will be won.

And we can meet again

if we do not die

for that is the price

that might be paid,

But if we pass this way

we shall meet some day,

we shall meet again

if we do not die...



453


But how long ... how long ...?


Popeye was the last friend I wanted to say goodbye to in this way. With the murders of Sally and Popeye, all my feelings and senses had been killed. I couldn’t take it any longer and fled the country. I’d lost 12 of my best friends to this senseless American violence, and numerous others had disappeared into prison for life.

This man was murdered in New York near where I lived, right across from a ghetto mural (behind the shroud), which he perhaps never paid attention to, perhaps was unable to read. Late one evening, at the same wall, we find two crippled veterans who’ve been out defending “Western civilization” and now have to beg in the streets.



454

I loved the American people more than any other I’d ever known. I’d wished in the end to become a part of America and hadn’t meant to leave the country.

The human warmth I’d everywhere encountered—the same warmth with which other immigrants had been welcomed with open arms—was a fresh breeze in my life after the detachment and reticence I’d known in Europe. But the warmth and openness of Americans stood in glaring contrast to the cruel and inhuman ghetto system that had grown out of their own intense pain. I’d been on the highest peaks, and I’d been in the deepest shadowy depths with one foot in the grave of America.

Everywhere it hurt me to see the increasing fossilization and fortification this warmth and openness is subject to—a warmth from which I could still benefit as a foreigner but which had long ago petrified into fear, hatred, and bitterness toward other Americans. Americans live in greater isolation and alienation from each other than any other people I know of.



And the violence against oppressed peoples everywhere goes on. Between our ghettoization of the world’s poorest, most exposed people and our climate racism—coupled with unfair trade policies—we kill more human beings each year than did World War II and will drive millions to our shores as refugees. Are we ready to cover up yet another body? And just how many are we prepared to dispose of because we fear a deeper personal change that would benefit the world as a whole?

The scene is changing. The colonized peoples, their backs to the wall, now must serve as colonizers and oppressors. They’re sent out over the ocean their ancestors traversed to come here. Our inhumanity has come full circle. We’ve finally managed to create them in our civilization’s own bloody image. Yet another child has been killed in ghetto violence (five years old). The ring is closing. Once again a black mother must throw her child in the ocean, as she did from one of the slave ships of 400 years ago ... the lifetime of our system ...

The ocean shall lead her back to the shores her ancestors came from when we needed them. How much more suffering are we going to witness—or cause? We don’t know. We throw our uncertainty in the ocean with the ashes of our victims …

455

Ship Ahoy! Ship Ahoy! Ship Ahoy!
As far as your eye can see,
men, women and baby slaves,
coming to the land of Liberty,
where life's design is already made -
So young and so strong
they're just waiting to be saved...



456

 

438

Min rejse gennem denne samfundsjungle havde automatisk ført mig ind i det allermest lukkede system, fængslet, hvor jeg nu genså de underklasse-røvere, der fem år tidligere havde overfaldet mig ved ankomsten til USA. Mens samfundet langsomt havde lukket sig om mig som en skruestik, havde disse vredens børn åbnet sig for mig og var gennem min egen ghettoisering blevet en del af mig selv. Jeg forstod nu, at de ikke havde haft noget reelt valg: deres frihed var endimensionel. Deres valg dengang om, hvorvidt de skulle gøre mig til offer eller ej, er betegnende for det hvide valg: Skal vi holde op med at undertrykke et uforløst folk for ikke at risikere selv at ende i en slags fængsel? Eller har vi mistet friheden til at vælge i et system, hvor ”livsmønstret allerede er bestemt.”?
Selv hvis vi afsatte milliarder af dollars til at genopbygge slumkvartererne og sørge for bedre skoler og jobs, ville de fængslede i ghettoen blot se det som endnu et tilfælde af ydmygende krummer fra oven. Det ville kun forværre selvbilledet hos dem, vi smed væk og nu halvhjertet prøver at få tilbage – og de vil bide fingrene af hånden som fodrer dem. Vores store liberale åbne hånd vil hurtigt lide under en behændig konservativ retræte.
Nej, vi kan ikke betale os fra vores racisme!
Selv i de bedste år med liberal symbolpolitik, 1960-67, blev der brugt $348 milliarder på krig, $27 milliarder på rumfart og kun $2 milliarder på forbedring af ghettoerne. Det er ikke overraskende, at underklassen brændte ghettoerne ned i foragt!
En sådan hjælpende hånd fra oven fungerer utilsigtet på samme måde som det amerikanske straffesystem. Her bruges 95% af pengene
på at smide de uønskede væk og infernalisere dem, mens kun 5% bruges på paternalistisk "rehabilitering" af affaldsproduktet (som vi tog år om at producere). De fleste indsatte er så ødelagte af fængselssystemet, at de aldrig tilpasser sig livet udenfor og ender med at ende tilbage i fængsel. Millioner af mennesker, der har brug for psykiatrisk behandling som følge af ghettos institutionaliserede, kroniske og selvforstærkende patologi, bliver i stedet spærret inde. Omkring 25 % af de indsatte i fængslerne er mentalt retarderede på grund af deres fattige baggrund og blyforgiftning. Næsten halvdelen af de indsatte er sorte, selv om de kun udgør 13 % af samfundet udenfor. Når sorte desuden i gennemsnit får dobbelt så lange straffe som hvide for den samme forseelse (ifølge New York Times), begynder man at forstå, hvorfor mange sorte betragter sig selv som politiske fanger.


Det kan virke som om, at jeg fremstiller de sorte som hjælpeløse ofre, men hvordan kan vi ellers se bødlen i os selv? Gennem læsningen i hele denne bog har vores racistiske underbevidsthed forsøgt at benægte ansvaret ved at insistere på, at problemet, når alt kommer til alt, nok skyldes de sortes medfødte underlegenhed. Men vi glemmer, at sorte indvandrere fra Vestindien, som ikke blev tvunget til at indvendiggøre vores racisme, klarer sig lige så godt som hvide i USA. Så når de indfødte sorte, som blev formet af vores racisme, kun har halvt så stor indtægt som hvide og udgør mere end halvdelen af alle fængselsfanger, ja så er mange af dem faktisk hjælpeløse ofre for vores racisme. Billederne af knuste og apatiske mennesker i denne bog er ikke de billeder, som vores undertrykte, der kæmper for at bevare en smule værdighed, ønsker at se af sig selv.




442

Men undertrykkelse producerer altid flere ødelagte mennesker end mønsterbrydere, og hvis vi ikke forstår dem, der er for svækkede til at gøre modstand, hvordan vil vi så nogensinde kunne indse, hvor destruktiv vores racisme er?

 Disse fanger gjorde modstand? Det, der fik dem til at vælge vores ultimative straf, var ikke egentlig nød eller sult, men ukontrollabel vrede - en ondartet cocktail af had og selvhad, der fik dem til at foragte alt. De er blot de synlige symptomer på vores undertrykkelse, for deres vrede deles af alle sorte amerikanere. Deres vrede besejrer dem konstant, får dem til at snuble, hvor andre nemt klarer sig – og i stedet for at se på årsagen til deres vrede, skyder vi skylden for deres manglende succes på dem selv.

Vi forstår ikke det ghettomonster, vi har skabt. I stedet vender vi ryggen til det,  "masseindespærrer" det - en dag måske i "koncentrationslejre" - og ødelægger vores eget samfund i processen.
Men uanset hvor formidabel undertrykkelsen synes at være, har der altid været en aktiv bevægelse til at modsætte sig den, lige fra Nat Turner til Black Lives Matter. Jeg kunne ikke passivt se på al denne ødelæggelse, så jeg sluttede mig til min generations bevægelse, de Sorte Pantere. De havde allerede brugt det politiske teaters magt ved nogle modige begivenheder, hvor de udøvede deres forfatningsgaranterede ret til at bære våben, mens de protesterede mod de endeløse politidrab på sorte. De hvide var så bange for sorte med våben, at guvernør Reagan med støtte fra NRA (tro det eller ej) strammede våbenlovene i Californien. Og selv om panterne ellers var ikkevoldelige, indledte FBI en hemmelig COINTELPRO-operation for at knuse gruppen og myrdede utallige pantere, nogle i søvne som Fred Hampton. Jeg var især imponeret over den gratis morgenmad til børn, som de oprettede i mange ghettoer, og jeg blaffede rundt for at støtte dem. I Baltimore boede jeg som regel hos mine Panter-venner Henry og Ilane (som her ses med deres baby under plakaten af Huey Newton). Jeg hjalp dem med at uddele mad til de lokale børn, som jeg så klædt i laser, gå langt om morgenen for at få et måltid mad. Jeg følte, at dette var mere meningsfuldt end at tilslutte mig kulten omkring deres merkuriske leder Huey Newton (øverst til venstre), som jeg ofte havde mødt i Oakland, sammen med andre ledere, såsom Elaine Brown, der synger “There is a Man” til sidst i mit show. Men da David Dubois blev chefredaktør for Panther-bladet, overbeviste han mig om, at min egentlige rolle var som fotograf for avisen. Jeg var utrolig stolt af at arbejde for den berømte W. E. B. Du Bois’ søn, som her ses i BPP hovedkvarteret i Oakland sammen med den tegneren Emory Douglass. Faktisk blev billederne i denne bog først udgivet i The Black Panther.

Der er et sørgeligt efterord til dette: Da jeg skulle anmelde filmen The Butler på dansk tv i 2013, brød jeg sammen i tårer under den del, hvor de sorte pantere for første gang blev portrætteret positivt - som et naturligt stadie i de sortes modstandskamp. Da gik det op for mig, hvordan jeg selv havde fortrængt mit panter-engagement, som var med i min oprindelige danske bog. Men da jeg startede mit show op i Reagans Amerika i 1984, slettede jeg alle spor af det, af angst for at blive beskyldt for at være “terrorist”. Amerika og jeg havde ændret os siden jeg mødte Reagan i 1972, hvor jeg skamløst havde beskyldt ham for at undertrykke de sorte. Jeg fik ret, for han var den første kandidat, der brugte “kodet” racisme (“jungle” = ghetto, “monkies” = afrikanere) til at vinde præsidentposten siden borgerrettighedsbevægelsen.






444

 

 

 

Jeg deltog i talrige sorte demonstrationer, lige fra de Sorte Panteres op til nutidens Black Lives Matter-protester. Men aldrig så jeg så mange aktive sorte som under kampen mod Reagans tveæggede racisme: For han brugte både den farvekodede sydstatsstrategi mod sit hjemlands sorte og støttede det Sydafrikas apartheidregime. Selv kvinder undertrykte han, da han opfordrede diktatoren Zia til at indføre sharia-lov i Pakistan. Det gik op for mig, at sorte altid havde forsøgt at appellere til deres undertrykkeres samvittighed, men i Reagan-årene følte jeg, at vi undertrykkere var én stor forenet sammensværgelse af hvide, jøder, muslimer og indvandrere (selv sorte indvandrere, i det mindste på universiteterne) mod vores fælles korsfæstede ofre. Derfor delte jeg den sorte frustration over at demonstrere mod folk, der ligesom Reagan grundlæggende var gode i hjertet (som hans gravskrift siger).

 




446



Men lad os ikke glemme, at for dem, som kan tilpasse sig dette gulag-system, kan vort samfund set inde fra vore tilgitrede, angstfyldte og øde gader opleves som det frieste i verden.

En bog som denne vil blive hilst med åbne arme, fordi systemet er så stærkt og massivt i sin undertrykkelse, at al kritik preller af og bliver til underholdning eller religiøs flugt. Først når systemet møder organiseret modstand, slår det ned med hård hånd, som jeg oplevede det med min bedste ven i Californien, Popeye Jackson.
Da jeg mødte Popeye var jeg nået til enden af min rejse. Som vagabond elskede jeg friheden til at fordybe mig i det enkelte menneske og troede naivt, at jeg kunne holde mig fri af racismen. Men nu begyndte jeg at føle, at min vagabondering havde været blot endnu en privilegeret hvid flugt - som så mange andres. Den forståelsesramme, jeg bruger her, var blevet et nødvendigt håb og middel for mig til at overleve i en verden af undertrykkelse, men jeg indså nu, at der også var andre sandheder og mere spirituelle måder at opfatte mennesket på. Jeg følte, at jeg udbyttede lidelserne med mit kamera og begyndte at få kvalme ved det, da jeg fornemmede min egen voksende racisme.
Det er ikke behageligt at opdage, at man er blevet det, man kæmper imod, men racisme er ikke en frivillig sag i et racistisk samfund, og jeg vidste, at jeg var mere og andet end bare en racist. Så i stedet for at skamme mig fik min racisme mig til at føle mig som en del af Amerika, og jeg måtte tage ansvar for den ved at blive aktiv antiracist og hjælpe med at ændre det land, som jeg var kommet til at elske. Jo mere jeg var kommet til at elske Amerika, jo sværere var det at forblive en tavs iagttager af dets selvdestruktion. Mens jeg havde taget billeder, var dusinvis af mine venner vandret i fængsel – venner, som ofte ubevidst havde handlet i protest mod systemet – mens jeg blot havde tænkt og fotograferet uden at handle.
Derfor lagde jeg kameraet på hylden og begyndte at arbejde med Popeye. Han bekræftede for mig, at også ofret er mere og andet end blot offer og i stand til at gøre modstand. Popeye var stolt af sin ghettobaggrund og klædte sig altid som en hustler.
Han var personificeringen af underklassen med al dens åbenhed, vold, sexisme, smukke kultur, generøsitet - alt det, som vi i Europa betragter som stereotypt amerikansk. Popeye havde selv været på en lang rejse. Han var kun 10 år gammel, da han første gang kom i fængsel, og han tilbragte i alt 19 år i fængsel. I løbet af den lange indespærring modnedes hans politiske bevidsthed, og han følte, at han gennem marxismen kunne befri sig selv fra det forstærkede selvhad, som fængselsophold normalt fremkalder.

Han ønskede ikke, at marxismen blot skulle være en individuel psykologisk flugt eller et rent analytisk system, som det er tilfældet for så mange (europæiske) studerende, så han begyndte at organisere de andre indsatte i United Prisoners Union (UPU) og blev dens formand.
Han mente, at det kun var muligt at slippe ud af ghettoen ved kollektivt at ændre hele systemet. Han blev hurtigt en kendt person og blev f.eks. valgt som mægler mellem Hearst-familien og Symbionese Liberation Army, den terrorgruppe, der kidnappede Patricia Hearst og verdensmedierne.

Popeyes indflydelse på de indsatte i fængslerne voksede, og jeg fik at vide, at politiet havde forsøgt at få ham tilbage i fængsel ved at plante stoffer i hans bil (ved lejlighed havde de også truet ham med døden). Under arbejdet i fangernes forening blev vi mere og mere tæt knyttet til hinanden. Da han bemærkede de store huller i mine sko, gav han mig et par støvler uden et ord. Skønt jeg var holdt op med at fotografere, overtalte han mig til tage disse billeder til fængselsavisen Jeg lovede aldrig at fortælle, hvordan jeg smuglede kameraet ind, men da skabsbøssen sherif Hongisto nu er død, føler jeg mig fri til at afsløre, at det var Hongisto, der "fængslede" mig af påskønnelse for mit arbejde i bøssebevægelsen.

Popeye forsøgte konstant at organisere de indsatte under umenneskelige forhold, der kvæler alt privatliv på et sted, hvor systemet brugte næsten alle midler til at knække folk. Netop fordi jeg selv var totalt lammet i disse omgivelser, gjorde det et uudsletteligt indtryk på mig at se, hvordan Popeye fik de andre indsatte til at læse politisk litteratur, selv om det var umuligt at forestille sig, hvordan nogen kunne læse midt i den ildevarslende støj og den evige frygt. Mange indsatte fortalte mig, at Popeye havde haft en lignende effekt på dem - han var ikke en "falsk intellektuel revolutionær"; han var en af deres egne.


Selv om Popeye var en yderst lovende organisator, var han naturligvis ikke uden alvorlige menneskelige fejl, som forstyrrede mange af de frivillige i vores gruppe, især kvinderne. De havde lært en lektie af 60'ernes naive venstrefløj, som romantisk havde sluttet op om alskens voldtægtsmænd som "revolutionens avantgarde". Nogle af dem forlod vores gruppe på grund af Popeyes sexisme. Jeg stødte intenst sammen med dem, fordi jeg følte, at deres synspunkter blot var en anden form for racisme - en moderne radikal måde at sige det på: Jeg bryder mig ikke om underklassen.
"Hvis I tror, at en mand kan komme ud af 300 års slaveri og 19 års fængsel som en engel, så er I tåber. Selv Martin Luther King var sexistisk, siger Coretta King i dag. Dengang sagde jeg: "Hvis du mener, at en mand skal nægtes en magtfuld lederrolle, indtil han lever op til hvide liberale normer i enhver henseende, så er du en lige så farlig fjende af positiv særbehandling som den værste sydstatsracist. Hvis I vender Popeye ryggen nu, så er det ikke deres racisme, der tvinger ham tilbage i ghettoen, men jeres racisme." Efter selv at være endt i den sexistiske fælde (side 274) var jeg en varm fortaler for Popeye. Men samtidig forrådte jeg ham også: Ligesom hvide ikke lægger nok pres på hinandens racisme, forsøgte jeg og de andre mænd i gruppen ikke at ændre Popeyes sexisme, om ikke andet så for at give ham mulighed for at blive en mere succesfuld organisator.



449

Uden for fængslet blev der sat en voldsom kampagne i gang for Popeyes løsladelse, og til sidst blev han løsladt. Vi lavede en stor ”tilbage i verden”-fest for ham. Popeye havde ofte advaret mig imod infiltrerende FBI-spioner blandt medlemmer af foreningen. Da jeg altid havde haft tillid til alle, jeg mødte under min vagabondering, opfattede jeg hans advarsler som almindelig ghettoparanoia. Jeg havde svært ved at forestille mig, at nogen, jeg kendte, var hemmeligt politi, så jeg blev helt slået ud af den, da jeg oplevede den terror, som systemet brugte mod Popeyes fagforening En af mine venner - faktisk den, som jeg havde mest tillid til - var FBI-informant. Hendes navn var Sara Jane Moore. Hun var lidt ældre end de andre, og vi troede, at hun var en sød, sympatisk, om end lidt forvirret, husmor fra forstæderne. Det chokerede os, da hun tilstod over for aviserne, at hun var spion for FBI, men at hun nu havde samvittighedskvaler - under vores arbejde var hun blevet omvendt til Popeyes synspunkter.

To måneder senere ændrede hun næsten verdenshistorien, da hun forsøgte at skyde præsident Ford. Hun havde fået så stærke sjælekvaler over det, hun havde forårsaget med sit FBI-arbejde, at hun ønskede at hævne sig på FBI ved at myrde systemets leder, som hun sagde. Billy, en nabo i den bygning, hvor jeg boede med transvestitter, slog pistolen ud af Sara Janes hånd og reddede præsidentens liv. Det fik ham inviteret ind i Det Hvide Hus. Men Billy var kæreste med lederen af bøssebevægelsen, Harvey Milks elsker, Joe, og Det Hvide Hus tilbagekaldte invitationen, da Milk fik ham til åbent at tilstå, at han var bøsse. (Efter 32 år i fængsel blev Sara Jane løsladt i 2007, og jeg blev kontaktet af film- og tv-selskaber, der ønskede at bruge mine billeder af hende).
Så hvad var der sket imellem disse to episoder, der kunne bringe hende i den grad ud af ligevægt. Lørdag aften, et par dage efter vores fest, skulle Popeye komme over til mig for at udvælge fængselsbillederne til vores avis. Han ringede imidlertid op og sagde, at han ikke havde tid, da han skulle til et møde. Vi aftalte så, at jeg skulle komme til mødet senere og derefter køre med ham hjem. Kun to timer før jeg skulle af sted, fik jeg et opkald fra Annie, som græd af frygt og bad mig om ikke at køre hjem med Popeye. Hvis jeg ikke havde fået det opkald, ville jeg ikke have set nyhederne den næste aften:

”Godaften, dette er kl. 11 nyhederne søndag aften. San Franciscos politi fortsætter undersøgelsen af det henrettelsesagtige mord på fængselsreformatoren Popeye Jackson, leder af Fangernes Union. Han sad i sin bil sammen med den 28-årige Sally Voye, en lærerinde fra Vallejo, kl. 2.45 søndag morgen, da skyderiet fandt sted. Politiet meddeler, at de døde omgående.

Reklame: -Ligesom mange af jer, elsker jeg hunde. Jeg føler meget stærkt for dem. Derfor giver jeg mine hunde ”Alpo.” For kød er en hunds naturlige mad. Det er det, de elsker mest. Alpos kødmiddag indeholder oksekødsprodukter, som virkelig er gode for dem. Der er ikke et gram mel i. Hvis De giver Deres hund ”Alpo,” behøver De ikke at give den noget som helst andet. Der findes ikke bedre hundemad i verden!

Politichef: – Det ser ud, som om drabsmanden først skød vinduet ud af bilen og derpå skød på nært hold. Første kugle ramte Sally Voye og den næste Popeye Jackson. Tilsyneladende forsøgte morderen ikke at stjæle fra dem. Vi fandt pengesedler og mønter i de afdødes lommer. (TV-mand) : – Det kunne se ud til at være en henrettelse?

– Ja, det er en meget god teori. – Er det den teori, I arbejder efter? - Vi arbejder med det som en mulig teori. Vi må se bort fra almindeligt røveri. – Politiet siger, at folk i gaden løb til vinduerne, da de hørte skuddene. I morgen vil politiet udspørge dem for at finde drabsmanden.

– Her er, hvordan det hele starter. Her ser De Mr. Jones, som tager den første mundvandsdryppende bid af en ”Kentucky Stegt Kylling,” og den uimodståelige aroma får også Dem til at tage en bid. I hele verden er der kun een stegt kylling, som smager så fingerslikkende godt, at De må sige Whauw! Det er Kentuckystegt Kyllingedag i dag.”

450

Skønt det var min bedste ven, jeg så ligge i en blodpøl på Tv-skærmen kun få timer efter, at jeg selv skulle have kørt med ham hjem denne skæbnesvangre nat, var jeg ude af stand til at græde de første fire dage – så uvirkeligt forekom det hele mig i denne underlige amerikanske blanding af hundefoder og reklamefilm for stegte kyllinger. Systemet kan med medierne til sin rådighed slippe af sted med næsten alt, da det er i stand til at få os til at glemme det næste øjeblik, hvad vi netop har set.

Først til begravelsen begyndte det at gå op for mig, hvad der var sket, og jeg brød totalt sammen i gråd. Da var det også gået op for mig, at Sally, som havde forsøgt at bearbejde Popeyes sexisme, og som arbejdede med ghettobørn og fængselsfanger, skønt hun kom fra de trygge hvide forstadskvarterer – at også denne fantastiske kvinde, som jeg holdt så meget af, var blevet myrdet, udelukkende fordi hun ellers ville have været vidne til mordet. Af samme grund ved jeg naturligvis, hvordan min skæbne var blevet, hvis jeg havde været med dem den nat. Dette billede tog jeg af Sally og Popeye sammen, kun få dage før de blev myrdet. Det er aldrig blevet opklaret, hvem der myrdede dem.
Men siden Sara Jane Moore, der blev dømt til livsvarigt fængsel, i Playboy gav en hårrejsende beretning om sit undercoverarbejde for FBI, herunder hvordan FBI truede hende på livet, da de opdagede, at hun var ved at blive overbevist af Popeyes ideer, er der kun få af os, der er i tvivl. Popeye havde ofte advaret mig mod tidligere fanger, der måske havde indgået aftaler med politiet om tidlig løsladelse. Selv var han aldrig bange for at dø på trods af, at politiet, som San Francisco Chronicle senere afslørede, havde truet ham med at dræbe ham. I den sidste artikel, som han skrev, mens jeg var hos ham i fængslet, sagde han: ”Vi bør ikke frygte døden. Vi er den dømte klasse, og kun gennem revolution kan vi vinde vor frihed og friheden for alle jordens undertrykte.”
Ved begravelsen, hvor jeg var den eneste fotograf, der var inviteret af hans familie, kyssede mange af hans medarbejdere og fængselsvenner - indianere, sorte, mexicanere og hvide - ham farvel i kisten. Mange andre ville ikke kunne komme "tilbage i verden" og se hans grav før en generation senere. Hans mor, som havde bragt ham kage i fængslet hver eneste uge i 19 år, brød fuldstændig sammen foran kisten.


452

There is a man

who stands in all our way.

And his greedy hands

reach out across the world.

But if we slay this man

we will have peace in this land

and this glorious struggle

will be done.

And what we want is just to have

what we need

and to live in peace with dignity.

But these few old men,

no they won’t break or bend

so it’s only through their death

that we’ll be free.

And if we dare to fight

for what, for what we want

sparing none

who are standing in our way:

The fight is hard

and long

but we can’t, we can’t go wrong,

for our liberation will be won.

And we can meet again

if we do not die

for that is the price

that might be paid,

But if we pass this way

we shall meet some day,

we shall meet again

if we do not die...


453

Men hvor længe... hvor længe?

Popeye var den sidste ven, jeg ønskede at sige farvel til på denne måde. Efter mordene på Popeye og Sally kunne jeg ikke holde det ud længere og flygtede ud af landet. Alle mine følelser og sanser var dræbt. Jeg havde mistet 12 af mine bedste venner og bekendte til denne meningsløse amerikanske vold, og talrige andre var forsvundet i fængsler for livstid.

Denne mand blev myrdet i New York i nærheden af hvor jeg boede, lige over for et vægmaleri i ghettoen (ses bag ligklædet), som han måske aldrig lagde mærke til, og måske var han ude af stand til at læse. En sen aften finder vi ved den samme væg to forkrøblede veteraner, der har været ude at forsvare den “vestlige civilisation” og nu må tigge på gaden.


454
Jeg elskede det amerikanske folk mere end noget andet, jeg nogensinde havde kendt. Jeg ønskede til sidst at blive en del af det, og havde ikke haft i sinde at forlade landet.

Den menneskelige varme, jeg havde mødt overalt - den samme varme, som andre indvandrere var blevet modtaget af med åbne arme - var et frisk pust i mit liv efter den tilbageholdenhed og tillukkethed, jeg havde kendt i Europa. Men amerikanernes varme og åbenhed stod i så skærende kontrast til det grusomme og umenneskeliggørende ghettosystem, der var vokset ud af deres egen dybe smerte.

Jeg havde været på de højeste tinder i Amerika, og jeg havde været i de dybeste skyggefulde dale nær gravens rand.

Overalt smertede det mig at se den tiltagende forstening og forskansning, som denne varme og åbenhed er udsat for – en varme, som jeg stadigvæk kunne nyde godt af som indvandrer, men som for længe siden er forstenet i frygt, had og bitterhed over for amerikanske medborgere, som lever mere isolerede fra hinanden og i større fremmedgørelse end noget andet folk, jeg kender.

 

Men volden fortsætter – volden mod alle undertrykte folk. Mellem vores ghettoisering af verdens fattigste og mest udsatte mennesker og vores klimaracisme - kombineret med uretfærdig handelspolitik - dræber vi hvert år flere mennesker end under Anden Verdenskrig og vil drive millioner af mennesker til vores kyster som flygtninge. Er vi klar til at dække over endnu et lig? Og hvor mange er vi parate til at smide væk, fordi vi frygter en dybere forandring af os selv, som ville gavne verden som helhed? 

Billedet er ved at vende sig. De koloniserede folk, der står med ryggen mod muren, må nu tjene som deres egne udbyttere og undertrykkere. De sendes ud over det hav, som deres forfædre krydsede for at komme hertil. Vores umenneskelighed har nået den fulde cirkel. Vi har endelig formået at skabe dem i vores civilisations eget blodige billede. Endnu et barn er blevet dræbt i ghettovolden – 5 år gammelt. Ringen er ved at lukke sig. Endnu en gang må en sort mor kaste sit barn i havet, som hun gjorde fra slaveskibene for 400 år siden ... vores systems levetid ...

Havet skal føre hende tilbage til de kyster, som hendes forfædre kom fra, da vi havde brug for dem. Hvor megen lidelse skal vi endnu være vidner til – eller årsag til. Vi ved det ikke. Vi kaster uvisheden i havet med asken af vort offer…..

 

Ship Ahoy! Ship Ahoy! Ship Ahoy!

As far as your eye can see,

men, women and baby slaves,

coming to the land of Liberty,

where life’s design is already made –

So young and so strong

they’re just waiting to be saved...